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22.2 Functions and Variables for fft

Function: polartorect (r, t)

Translates complex values of the form r %e^(%i t) to the form a + b %i, where r is the magnitude and t is the phase. r and t are 1-dimensional arrays of the same size. The array size need not be a power of 2.

The original values of the input arrays are replaced by the real and imaginary parts, a and b, on return. The outputs are calculated as

a = r cos(t)
b = r sin(t)

polartorect is the inverse function of recttopolar.

load("fft") loads this function. See also fft.

Categories: Package fft · Complex variables ·
Function: recttopolar (a, b)

Translates complex values of the form a + b %i to the form r %e^(%i t), where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. a and b are 1-dimensional arrays of the same size. The array size need not be a power of 2.

The original values of the input arrays are replaced by the magnitude and angle, r and t, on return. The outputs are calculated as

r = sqrt(a^2 + b^2)
t = atan2(b, a)

The computed angle is in the range -%pi to %pi.

recttopolar is the inverse function of polartorect.

load("fft") loads this function. See also fft.

Categories: Package fft · Complex variables ·
Function: inverse_fft (y)

Computes the inverse complex fast Fourier transform. y is a list or array (named or unnamed) which contains the data to transform. The number of elements must be a power of 2. The elements must be literal numbers (integers, rationals, floats, or bigfloats) or symbolic constants, or expressions a + b*%i where a and b are literal numbers or symbolic constants.

inverse_fft returns a new object of the same type as y, which is not modified. Results are always computed as floats or expressions a + b*%i where a and b are floats. If bigfloat precision is needed the function bf_inverse_fft can be used instead as a drop-in replacement of inverse_fft that is slower, but supports bfloats.

The inverse discrete Fourier transform is defined as follows. Let x be the output of the inverse transform. Then for j from 0 through n - 1,

x[j] = sum(y[k] exp(-2 %i %pi j k / n), k, 0, n - 1)

As there are various sign and normalization conventions possible, this definition of the transform may differ from that used by other mathematical software.

load("fft") loads this function.

See also fft (forward transform), recttopolar, and polartorect.

Examples:

Real data.

(%i1) load ("fft") $
(%i2) fpprintprec : 4 $
(%i3) L : [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4] $
(%i4) L1 : inverse_fft (L);
(%o4) [0.0, 14.49 %i - .8284, 0.0, 2.485 %i + 4.828, 0.0, 
                       4.828 - 2.485 %i, 0.0, - 14.49 %i - .8284]
(%i5) L2 : fft (L1);
(%o5) [1.0, 2.0 - 2.168L-19 %i, 3.0 - 7.525L-20 %i, 
4.0 - 4.256L-19 %i, - 1.0, 2.168L-19 %i - 2.0, 
7.525L-20 %i - 3.0, 4.256L-19 %i - 4.0]
(%i6) lmax (abs (L2 - L));
(%o6)                       3.545L-16

Complex data.

(%i1) load ("fft") $
(%i2) fpprintprec : 4 $                 
(%i3) L : [1, 1 + %i, 1 - %i, -1, -1, 1 - %i, 1 + %i, 1] $
(%i4) L1 : inverse_fft (L);
(%o4) [4.0, 2.711L-19 %i + 4.0, 2.0 %i - 2.0, 
- 2.828 %i - 2.828, 0.0, 5.421L-20 %i + 4.0, - 2.0 %i - 2.0, 
2.828 %i + 2.828]
(%i5) L2 : fft (L1);
(%o5) [4.066E-20 %i + 1.0, 1.0 %i + 1.0, 1.0 - 1.0 %i, 
1.55L-19 %i - 1.0, - 4.066E-20 %i - 1.0, 1.0 - 1.0 %i, 
1.0 %i + 1.0, 1.0 - 7.368L-20 %i]
(%i6) lmax (abs (L2 - L));                    
(%o6)                       6.841L-17
Categories: Package fft ·
Function: fft (x)

Computes the complex fast Fourier transform. x is a list or array (named or unnamed) which contains the data to transform. The number of elements must be a power of 2. The elements must be literal numbers (integers, rationals, floats, or bigfloats) or symbolic constants, or expressions a + b*%i where a and b are literal numbers or symbolic constants.

fft returns a new object of the same type as x, which is not modified. Results are always computed as floats or expressions a + b*%i where a and b are floats. If bigfloat precision is needed the function bf_fft can be used instead as a drop-in replacement of fft that is slower, but supports bfloats. In addition if it is known that the input consists of only real values (no imaginary parts), real_fft can be used which is potentially faster.

The discrete Fourier transform is defined as follows. Let y be the output of the transform. Then for k from 0 through n - 1,

y[k] = (1/n) sum(x[j] exp(+2 %i %pi j k / n), j, 0, n - 1)

As there are various sign and normalization conventions possible, this definition of the transform may differ from that used by other mathematical software.

When the data x are real, real coefficients a and b can be computed such that

x[j] = sum(a[k]*cos(2*%pi*j*k/n)+b[k]*sin(2*%pi*j*k/n), k, 0, n/2)

with

a[0] = realpart (y[0])
b[0] = 0

and, for k from 1 through n/2 - 1,

a[k] = realpart (y[k] + y[n - k])
b[k] = imagpart (y[n - k] - y[k])

and

a[n/2] = realpart (y[n/2])
b[n/2] = 0

load("fft") loads this function.

See also inverse_fft (inverse transform), recttopolar, and polartorect.. See real_fft for FFTs of a real-valued input, and bf_fft and bf_real_fft for operations on bigfloat values. Finally, for transforms of any size (but limited to float values), see fftpack5_fft and fftpack5_real_fft.

Examples:

Real data.

(%i1) load ("fft") $
(%i2) fpprintprec : 4 $
(%i3) L : [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4] $
(%i4) L1 : fft (L);
(%o4) [0.0, 1.811 %i - .1036, 0.0, 0.3107 %i + .6036, 0.0, 
                         0.6036 - 0.3107 %i, 0.0, (- 1.811 %i) - 0.1036]
(%i5) L2 : inverse_fft (L1);
(%o5) [1.0, 2.168L-19 %i + 2.0, 7.525L-20 %i + 3.0, 
4.256L-19 %i + 4.0, - 1.0, - 2.168L-19 %i - 2.0, 
- 7.525L-20 %i - 3.0, - 4.256L-19 %i - 4.0]
(%i6) lmax (abs (L2 - L));
(%o6)                       3.545L-16

Complex data.

(%i1) load ("fft") $
(%i2) fpprintprec : 4 $
(%i3) L : [1, 1 + %i, 1 - %i, -1, -1, 1 - %i, 1 + %i, 1] $
(%i4) L1 : fft (L);
(%o4) [0.5, 0.5, 0.25 %i - 0.25, (- 0.3536 %i) - 0.3536, 0.0, 0.5, 
                                        (- 0.25 %i) - 0.25, 0.3536 %i + 0.3536]
(%i5) L2 : inverse_fft (L1);
(%o5) [1.0, 1.0 %i + 1.0, 1.0 - 1.0 %i, - 1.0, - 1.0, 1.0 - 1.0 %i, 
                                                             1.0 %i + 1.0, 1.0]
(%i6) lmax (abs (L2 - L));
(%o6)                       0.0

Computation of sine and cosine coefficients.

(%i1) load ("fft") $
(%i2) fpprintprec : 4 $
(%i3) L : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] $
(%i4) n : length (L) $
(%i5) x : make_array (any, n) $
(%i6) fillarray (x, L) $
(%i7) y : fft (x) $
(%i8) a : make_array (any, n/2 + 1) $
(%i9) b : make_array (any, n/2 + 1) $
(%i10) a[0] : realpart (y[0]) $
(%i11) b[0] : 0 $
(%i12) for k : 1 thru n/2 - 1 do
   (a[k] : realpart (y[k] + y[n - k]),
    b[k] : imagpart (y[n - k] - y[k]));
(%o12)                        done
(%i13) a[n/2] : y[n/2] $
(%i14) b[n/2] : 0 $
(%i15) listarray (a);
(%o15)          [4.5, - 1.0, - 1.0, - 1.0, - 0.5]
(%i16) listarray (b);
(%o16)           [0, - 2.414, - 1.0, - .4142, 0]
(%i17) f(j) := sum (a[k]*cos(2*%pi*j*k/n) + b[k]*sin(2*%pi*j*k/n), 
                    k, 0, n/2) $
(%i18) makelist (float (f (j)), j, 0, n - 1);
(%o18)      [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0]
Categories: Package fft ·
Function: real_fft (x)

Computes the fast Fourier transform of a real-valued sequence x. This is equivalent to performing fft(x), except that only the first N/2+1 results are returned, where N is the length of x. N must be power of two.

No check is made that x contains only real values.

The symmetry properties of the Fourier transform of real sequences to reduce he complexity. In particular the first and last output values of real_fft are purely real. For larger sequences, real_fft may be computed more quickly than fft.

Since the output length is short, the normal inverse_fft cannot be directly used. Use inverse_real_fft to compute the inverse.

Categories: Package fft ·

Function: inverse_real_fft (y)

Computes the inverse Fourier transform of y, which must have a length of N/2+1 where N is a power of two. That is, the input x is expected to be the output of real_fft.

No check is made to ensure that the input has the correct format. (The first and last elements must be purely real.)

Categories: Package fft ·
Function: bf_inverse_fft (y)

Computes the inverse complex fast Fourier transform. This is the bigfloat version of inverse_fft that converts the input to bigfloats and returns a bigfloat result.

Categories: Package fft ·

Function: bf_fft (y)

Computes the forward complex fast Fourier transform. This is the bigfloat version of fft that converts the input to bigfloats and returns a bigfloat result.

Categories: Package fft ·

Function: bf_real_fft (x)

Computes the forward fast Fourier transform of a real-valued input returning a bigfloat result. This is the bigfloat version of real_fft.

Categories: Package fft ·
Function: bf_inverse_real_fft (y)

Computes the inverse fast Fourier transform with a real-valued bigfloat output. This is the bigfloat version of inverse_real_fft.

Categories: Package fft ·

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